Building Construction Safety Manual - Safety Operation Procedures for Excavators

The construction of a building is an accident-prone industry. According to "Value Engineering," 2014:

China's construction projects are huge in scale, and there are many employees in the construction industry. It is the largest industrial labor group in the world. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, from 2004 to 2012, the number of employees in the construction industry increased from 25.003 million in 2004 to 42.272 million in 2012, and the total output value of the construction industry gradually increased from 2902.145 billion yuan in 2004 to 2012. 137217.86 billion yuan. The proportion of the gross domestic product in the construction industry continues to rise, gradually increasing from 5.43% in 2004 to 6.84% in 2012. It can be seen that with the sustained and steady growth of the national economy, the construction industry has developed into an important pillar industry of the national economy.

However, the labor-intensive and large-scale investment in construction projects have resulted in serious accidents and property losses caused by safety accidents in construction projects. Thousands of people have died each year in accidents, and direct economic losses caused by accidents have exceeded 10 billion. China's construction industry safety accidents are second only to hazardous chemicals and mining industries, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of the construction industry. This paper uses statistical methods such as histograms, trend charts, circular structure charts, and accident analysis tables to statistically analyze the types of accidents, trends, deaths, and frequency of occurrences of construction accidents in China during 2004-2012. The occurrence of the accident and the trend of the accident, put forward the building construction safety management countermeasures to reduce the occurrence of construction accidents.

To reduce the occurrence of construction accidents lies in the safety education and training for the employees of the construction units. It is the use of various types of machinery and equipment strictly in accordance with the rules and regulations of various positions. This article stipulates the following rules for construction safety of construction excavators:

First, excavator drivers shall abide by the general safety technical regulations.

Second, before the excavators work, they should do the following preparations:

1. Understand construction conditions and tasks to construction personnel. The content includes: the height and depth of excavated earth, slopes and wire heights, underground cables, various pipes, tunnels, tombs, and various obstacles. After the excavator enters the site, the driver shall observe the relevant safety rules at the construction site.

2. When the excavator is working in the stony soil or tundra, it should be blasted and excavated.

3. Inspect, maintain, adjust, and tighten excavators according to daily routine maintenance items.

4. Check if the fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water are sufficient. Smoking and near open flames are strictly prohibited when adding fuel to avoid fire.

5 , check the electrical line insulation and the switch contacts are good.

6. Check whether there are any leaks in the hydraulic system's pipelines, operation valves, working oil cylinders, and oil pumps.

7. Check whether the wire rope and the clamp of the fixed wire rope are firm and reliable.

8. Put the main clutch lever on the “neutral” position to start the engine (If it is cranked, you should pay attention to the crank to hurt you; if you start the rope by hand, do not tie the rope around your hand). Check whether the instrument, transmission mechanism, working device, and brake mechanism are normal and confirm that there is no error before starting work.

9. After the engine is started, no one is allowed to stand on the bucket, on the boom, on the track, and on the hangar.

Third, the excavator in the work, should pay attention to the following safety issues:

1. When the excavator is working, it should be parked on a solid, flat surface. Tire excavators should top the legs.

2. When the excavator is working, it should be in a horizontal position and it should be stopped by the walking agency. If the ground is muddy, soft and submerged, apply sleepers or planks or padding.

3. When the bucket is excavated, it should not be too deep for each time the soil is eaten. Do not raise the bucket too much, so as not to damage the machinery or cause overturning accidents. When the bucket falls, take care not to hit the track and frame.

4. Persons working with excavators to carry out sweeping, leveling and slope repairs shall work within the radius of excavator gyration. If it is necessary to work within the slewing radius of the excavator, the excavator must stop the rotation and brake the rotation mechanism before proceeding. At the same time, the crew of the plane must take care of each other and cooperate closely to ensure safety.

5. In the range of loading activities of excavators, vehicles and pedestrians shall not be stopped. If the vehicle is unloaded, it should wait for the car to stop. After the driver leaves the cab, he can turn the bucket and discharge it to the car. When the excavator is turning, try to avoid the bucket from passing over the top of the cab. When unloading, the bucket should be lowered as far as possible, but be careful not to hit any part of the car.

6. When the excavator rotates, apply the rotary clutch to cooperate with the brake of the rotary mechanism to rotate smoothly, prohibiting sharp rotation and emergency braking.

7. Before the bucket has left the ground, the bucket must not be rotated or walked. When the bucket is full, it must not lift the boom and walk.

8. During dragging operations, shoveling shall not be continued after the shovel is pulled to prevent overloading. When digging trenches, canals, foundation pits, and other operations, it is necessary to negotiate with the construction personnel based on the depth, soil quality, slope, etc. to determine the distance of the machinery from the slope.

9. When backhoe operation, it is necessary to shovel the soil after the arm is stopped, to prevent the handle and the two sides of the arm groove from colliding with each other.

10. When the crawler excavator moves, the boom should be placed in the forward direction of travel, and the height of the bucket from the ground should not exceed 1 meter . And brake the rotation mechanism.

11. When the excavator is on the uphill, the driving wheel should be at the back and the arm should be on the top; when the excavator is downhill, the driving wheel should be on the front and the arm should be on the back. The slope must not exceed 20 °. When driving downhill, you should drive at a slow speed. You must not allow speed and neutral to slide on the way. When the excavator passes the track, soft soil, or clay road, it should be padded.

12. When excavating loose soil on a high work surface, the larger stones and other debris in the work surface should be removed to avoid accidents caused by collapse. If the soil is dug into a suspended state and cannot be naturally collapsed, manual treatment is required and it is not allowed to use a shovel to squat or press it down to avoid accidents.

13. When the excavator is operating or walking, it must not be near an overhead transmission line. If it is necessary to work or pass near the high and low voltage overhead lines, the safety distances between the machinery and the overhead lines must comply with the dimensions specified in the First Schedule. During thunderstorms, it is forbidden to work near or under overhead high-tension lines.

Schedule I

14. When working near the underground cable, it is necessary to find out the direction of the cable and display it on the ground with white powder. It should be kept at a distance of 1 meter for excavation.

15 , excavators should not turn too fast. If the curve is too large, it should be divided into turns, each within 20 °.

16 , tire excavator due to the steering vane pump flow rate is proportional to the engine speed, when the engine speed is low, the turning speed slows down, should pay special attention when turning. Especially when going downhill and making a sharp turn, the low gear should be changed and replaced in advance to avoid the sudden reduction of the engine speed due to the use of emergency braking, and the accident that the steering speed cannot keep up.

17. When the electric excavator is connected to the power supply, the breaker on the switch box must be taken out. Non-electrician personnel are prohibited from installing electrical equipment. When the excavator is walking, the cable should be moved by workers wearing pressure-resistant shoes or insulating gloves. And pay attention to prevent cable abrasion and leakage.

18 , excavators in the work, is strictly prohibited for repair, maintenance, fastening and other work. If abnormal noise, odor, or excessive temperature rise occurs during work, stop and check immediately.

19 , arm top pulley maintenance, repair, lubrication, replacement, arm should be dropped to the ground.

20. When working at night, the working area and the cab should have good lighting.

Fourth, after the excavator is working, the machinery should be driven away from the work area and placed in a safe and flat place. Turn the fuselage forward so that the internal combustion engine is facing the positive direction, the bucket is on the ground, and all the control levers are placed in the “neutral” position. All the brakes are braked and the engine is shut off (cooling water should be released in winter). According to the provisions of the maintenance regulations, do routine maintenance. Close doors and windows and lock them before leaving.

5. When the excavator can do short-distance self-transfer, the general distance of the crawler excavator should not exceed 5 kilometers . Tire excavators can be unlimited. However, they must not make long-distance self-transfers.

Sixth, when the excavator can make a short-distance self-transfer, it should conduct a full-scale lubrication of the running mechanism. When driving, the drive wheel should be at the rear, and the running speed should not be too fast.

7. When excavator loading and unloading vehicles should be commanded by experienced loaders. During the loading and unloading process, the excavator is prohibited from turning or turning on the ramp. If a dangerous situation occurs during loading, the bucket can be lowered to assist in braking, and then the excavator slowly retreats.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.