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First, stone identification and stone processing
(1) Reasonable identification and differential treatment
Stone resources have a special duality, in addition to the use of value, it has more ornamental value. When stone products are processed into works of art, their value is more difficult to measure. Because stone art contains rich humanistic spirits such as culture and thought, with the different perspectives of users and viewers, there are also obvious differences in the evaluation and understanding of art products. In the identification and division of stone grades, in addition to color lines, stains, composition, mineral resources, purity, gloss and other factors, stone products also cover ethnic, national, belief, history, customs, values ​​and other factors. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different stone types and different uses, on the basis of ensuring the traditional identification and evaluation methods, the stone grade is flexibly divided, which is more conducive to the rational application of stone resources to reduce the cause caused by the main and objective reasons. Waste of stone resources. For example, German customers are not particularly picky about the requirements of stone materials, but they are more concerned about natural effects; while British customers are carefully selected in the selection of materials, very careful. This shows that in determining the stone grade, it should be treated differently according to the different aesthetic concepts and life styles of the customer group. Of course, in the specific practice and operation, due to too many unmeasured factors, it is greatly affected by society, the times, the trend, the fashion, the market, etc. It is difficult to be foolproof and stable. In particular, stone identification, it is difficult to have certain rules, and will change at any time, can only be obtained through experience, resulting in the identification of stone is particularly difficult.
(2) Variety, increase production value, and strive to increase the added value of stone products
The diversification of stone processing products to obtain excess profits is the consensus of the current stone industry, and expanding the deep processing capability of stone products can effectively improve the market competitiveness, and has been accepted by various stone power countries in the world. At present, more and more stone enterprises in China use advanced technology to produce ultra-thin plates, large plates, composite plates and other new stone varieties. At the same time, they are more active in developing deep processing, high value-added stone carving products and profiles (various columns, arcs). The stone industry is in a stage of vigorous development, such as plate, parquet, wire, etc., as well as antique, imitation European building materials, shaped stone products and tombstone products. In order to meet the needs of building a conservation-oriented society and enhance the international competitiveness of China's stone enterprises, we should pay special attention to the following two points:
1. Expanding the added value of stone products from the horizontal direction
Actively develop multi-variety, multi-standard, high value-added stone products. According to the demand market of different customer groups, as many products as possible can be developed to maximize the coverage of products and expand into many fields, which can share the risk of single products, slow market sales, and competition between different products of the same manufacturer. With the impact, obviously this is better than competing with other manufacturers.
2. Expanding the added value of stone products from the longitudinal direction
Pay attention to the deep processing of stone, especially secondary processing. To continuously improve the intrinsic value of products, with the increase of intangible and tangible resources in the process of processing, the value of products will grow at a considerable rate. The so-called considerableness refers to the considerable definition by measurable standards. When consumers buy products, in addition to the average value of similar products, they must be measured in terms of acceptable characteristics that are different from the general products, in order to convince themselves to purchase products that exceed the internal measurement standards. Therefore, the deep processing services provided in the stone processing process must provide consumers with such excuses and metrics, which is the extra profit that can be obtained through the secondary processing of stone.
Based on the percentage increase (%) of the stone exports and processed products of several major stone exporting countries in the world from 2004 to 2006, the statistics are shown in Table 1. It can be clearly seen that in the world stone trade Among the big countries, only Spain has achieved a negative growth in the export of stone blocks. Its stone industry has gradually changed from exporting blocks to exporting stone products. This transformation is an indication of increasing the intrinsic added value of stone resources, realizing the combination of intangible resources of stone and tangible resources of secondary processing, and has pointed out the road for these stone trade countries, which also indicates the direction and hope for the development of China's stone industry in the future. .
Second, stone processing and recycling economy
The circular economy is a green economy. It requires the use of ecological laws to guide economic activities. It emphasizes the feedback process of resources-products-renewable resources. Compared with the traditional economy, it can fundamentally eliminate the conflict between development and resource scarcity. It should be said that this is the only way to make the Chinese economy achieve sustainable development.
In recent years, China's economy has developed rapidly. Local governments often exchange economic development figures at the expense of environmental factors, which has a serious impact on China's sustainable development and living space. For the circular economy model in the stone industry, it should be emphasized that:
(1) Improve the efficiency of stone processing
The improvement of stone processing efficiency not only reflects the competitive advantage, but also reduces the consumption of stone resources and prolongs the use of human resources in the world where resources are scarce. It is of great significance for human beings to expand their living space and maintain sustainable development. Throughout the world's various stone powers, without exception, they are actively researching and developing new technologies for stone mining and working hard to improve the efficiency of stone processing. As the world's largest stone country with the current annual output, China should attach great importance to it and actively support it, taking a road of scientific and technological development, efficiency priority and independence.
(2) Reprocessing of stone waste
In the process of reprocessing stone resources, a large amount of loss is inevitable, and some of them form corner residual materials, and some form stone powder and gravel. When we have fully realized the limited nature of stone resources, every aspect of processing should attract attention. As the leader of resource allocation, the state should consciously advocate the renewal of ideas and re-process the valueless corners in the traditional sense to form de facto valuable products. This transformation into waste is a resource. The cherish and protection is also the best embodiment of circular economy in stone processing.
(3) Prevention and treatment of stone pollutants
Dust, waste water and gravel generated in the process of stone mining and processing have become the main source of environmental pollution in the region, which not only affects the healthy development of the national economy, but also causes serious damage to the physical and mental health of the residents. Taking a certain stone town in Fujian as an example, between 2002 and 2004, the annual growth rate of stone output value of the town was 20%, but the local air dust increased by 1.5 times, causing the number of local silicosis patients to increase by 2 times. This gives us Economic development has set off a serious alarm. It is suggested that the state should strengthen supervision and management, encourage taxation, subsidies, administrative interventions and other means to encourage the combination of scientific research with enterprises and institutions, strengthen research on the treatment of three wastes in the stone production process, and actively promote the effective transformation of results to the market, energy conservation and emission reduction. So as to achieve the goal of zero emissions.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, in the process of China's peaceful rise, the importance and urgency of environmental protection and pollution control have been fully recognized. However, governments and departments at all levels still knowingly or unintentionally have insufficient understanding of the development model of circular economy. What should be done is:
1. Accelerating the legal process of circular economy
China's laws and regulations on environmental protection are in short supply compared with developed countries and need to be improved. Therefore, to promote the circular economy, we must first speed up the legislative process. The circular economy promotion law reviewed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in August 2008 marks a new stage in the healthy development of China's circular economy. At the same time, in practice, it is necessary to have "there is a law to follow" and more "the law enforcement must be strict." Law enforcement agencies must seriously deal with the relevant groups and individuals that damage the ecological environment, increase the cost of violating laws and regulations, so that they do not dare to commit crimes, in order to minimize the "three wastes" emissions in the stone industry to a certain extent. In addition, companies and individuals who contribute to the improvement of the stone industry environment should be rewarded to better guide people's environmental behavior.
2. Strengthen public opinion guidance and social supervision
In the long run, the advantages and disadvantages of a country's environmental protection are mainly reflected in the national consciousness. When people in the residential area have not been exposed to environmental pollution caused by stone processing, they will rarely think of environmental protection. At this time, the government needs to constantly strengthen the people's concept of crisis, consciously publicize the threat of environmental destruction to survival, to strengthen the direction of public opinion, and form a virtuous cycle of the environment.
Third, the sustainable development of stone enterprises
Stone resources have scarce attributes. In the long run, the value of any kind of depleted resources is gradually increasing, leaving a space for sustainable development for future generations. In the process of stone mining and processing in China, Long-term planning should be formulated, with the principle of prudence, innovation as the driving force, environmental protection as the standard, and sustainable development as the goal, step by step. To this end, we should proceed from the following three aspects:
(1) Block processing technology Stones need to be processed into products by sawing, cutting and grinding on the basis of blocks. The mechanization degree and technical level of these processing methods directly affect the utilization efficiency of stone. The most realistic example can be seen in Italy. In the stone industry, Italy has always been a world leader until the end of the twentieth century. However, due to the lack of modern machinery invested in the processing process and the backward development of other countries, the country’s stone and related industries have become declining and even in difficulty. Among them. From the technical level and hardware facilities, the loss of stone blocks into plates is as high as 41%, and they are all turned into sawdust or wear debris. How much sawdust is related to the width of the kerf, how much grinding and grinding Depending on the amount, the amount of grinding depends on the flatness and parallelism of the sawing surface. For example, a 3.5m×1.5m×1.8m block saw is cut into sheets, as shown in Table 2, when the band saw is used for processing. The loss rate can be reduced to 9%, so improving the sawing method and reducing the narrowness of the kerf are important criteria for selecting advanced sawing equipment. Table 2 fully shows that in the practice of stone processing, advanced processing tools and processing techniques have played a decisive role in the effective use of stone resources. With the continuous improvement of tools and processes, this role will become more and more important.
(2) Stone enterprise management and management is the soft power of an enterprise. The stone processing process itself is a process of realizing the output of products through management, which involves two aspects of system management and knowledge management. In stone processing enterprises, the former requires adaptation to the environment, and reflects the consistency of the customer's products and internal processes with the external supply chain to achieve system coordination; while the latter includes knowledge innovation and knowledge sharing, but the core reality It is a talent, how to attract, cultivate and retain stone professionals, and enhance the creativity of employees is the basic requirement of knowledge management.
(3) Innovation Promoting development and innovation As an ideological concept and practice under the guidance of this kind of thinking, it has made tremendous contributions to social and economic development. Throughout the history of the world for nearly two or three hundred years, the wealth created has even surpassed the sum of human history in the past. It can be said that innovation is indispensable, and innovation is creating history. Germany, Britain, Italy and other European stone processing powers, launched a Brite-EuRamII EC innovation plan a few years ago, to greatly improve the efficiency of granite sawing and reduce waste and pollution, research on processing under large cutting depth The possibility of granite. Although China ranks among the world's largest stone processing countries, it still has a certain distance from the world's powerful countries. When it is fiercely competitive in the external market and it is backward in its own technological level, it is difficult to make breakthrough innovations based on its own state, but through the introduction of advanced processing equipment. Process, technology, and advanced management concepts, digestion and absorption, can not only reduce the material and time consumption of their own research and development, but also learn from others' technology and experience to achieve technological innovation and gradual innovation; when the overall strength is improved, gradually Carry out breakthrough innovations, and finally form a seamless development to maintain the core competitiveness and sustainable development of stone enterprises.
Therefore, the lack of innovation, technology and management has become a passive water, rootless grass, will prevent the development of society.
Fourth, the new way of recycling stone waste
At present, many stone processing enterprises in China have not effectively utilized the waste generated in the processing process, resulting in a huge waste of stone resources, while polluting the environment and affecting the survival and health of residents. To this end, the re-use and high value of stone scraps are of positive significance for reducing costs, increasing profits, saving energy and environmental protection, reducing pollution, people's well-being, national stability, and social economy.
(1) High value of waste
The addition of binders and auxiliary agents to the stone powder waste can be made into a stone-like coating, which has the advantages of small investment, simple process, high waste utilization efficiency, and diverse paint color, and is worthy of promotion. In addition, artificial stone is also composed of stone powder filler and adhesive. If the requirements of stone powder and color are not high, almost all of the stone powder waste can be used. This is a new development of green economy mode in stone processing.
(2) Reuse of waste slurry
The slurry produced during the processing of stone blocks accounts for about 20% to 30% of the weight of the processed stone blocks, and its recycling and utilization are very noticeable. The waste slurry can be used in different situations depending on the source of the waste slurry and the composition of the raw materials. For example, marble powder can be used as an acid scavenger instead of soda ash for recycling battery lead, while granite waste slurry can be used to produce cement products for construction, as well as sintered bricks. Both also have a positive effect on agricultural applications.
V. Prevention of occupational diseases in the stone industry
In the process of processing stone into stone, 40% of the waste is produced, of which the stone corner waste accounts for 2/3, and the stone powder in the waste water accounts for 1/3. These powders, slags, corner scraps, etc. produced along with stone processing have seriously affected the surrounding environment and destroyed the ecology. These pollutions have a great impact on water, soil, gas and sound, and the damage to humans is particularly serious. In contrast, the economic benefits created by stone products are difficult to compensate for other losses caused by environmental damage, which should be particularly valued in the construction of a "people-oriented" harmonious society. The tangible pollution in the processing of stone mainly refers to dust, while the invisible pollution is noise.
(a) dust
The amount of dust generated by the stone processing process is affected by the process and equipment, but it is more noteworthy that when the saw is used for cutting, although the dust can be sucked down by the water spray week, it will rise again after the wind blows, resulting in two The pollution of secondary dust is more harmful. In reality, after the secondary dust is generated, few enterprises adopt larger and effective wet dust reduction, and it is impossible to avoid the harm caused by secondary dust pollution. We should take prevention as the main factor, and when the preventive measures are unfavorable, Timely remediation, strict implementation of the national standards for health occupational diseases, saving lives, this is above all missions and responsibilities.
At the same time, stone enterprises should have a sense of social responsibility. The purpose of the enterprise is not only to produce, but more importantly to contribute to society. Environmental protection is an obligation of an enterprise in the production process. Therefore, in the process of stone production, enterprises must consciously remove dust and reduce pollution. In fact, strict cleaning on time can greatly reduce the secondary dust, and it does not require too much manpower and material resources to achieve it. The main need is the sense of responsibility of the company.
Once again, stone employees should strengthen their awareness of self-protection. Employees should be aware of health protection knowledge, be able to consciously wear dust masks and other related dust-proof equipment, and actively engage with the company when the company does not provide it. This professional quality can greatly reduce the occurrence of stone and T occupational diseases.
(2) Noise
Noise is an invisible killer that is easily overlooked during stone processing. As the victim's hearing declines and the related diseases appear, the harm is gradually exposed. Table 3 lists the noise standards of the national industrial enterprises at the boundary of the plant. Table 4 lists the current results of stone processing noise measurement in China. The comparison between the two shows that the noise intensity of the stone processing operation points exceeds the standard, and the damage to humans is persistent. The reason is that the enterprise anti-noise measures are unfavorable. Some enterprises do not even have noise-reducing equipment in order to reduce costs. The second is that employees and surrounding residents lack self-protection awareness, without protective earmuffs (earplugs) or in time. The company filed a complaint. Of course, if we want to improve and solve the problem of occupational diseases in stone processing, we need the correct guidance of public opinion. When the whole society begins to pay attention to it, the solution of the problem is just around the corner.
Conclusion
The non-renewable and scarce attributes of stone resources determine that in the process of stone processing, technological innovation, equipment introduction, advanced management and other means should be used to effectively improve the utilization of stone resources and reduce environmental pollution. At the same time, the government should formulate long-term development plans for stone, with the principle of prudence, innovation as the driving force, environmental protection as the standard, ladder development, healthy development, and exhibition space. With the goal of sustainable development, step by step should pay more attention to the "people-oriented" harmonious society to leave more sustainable development space for future generations.
Discussion on the processing of stone industry from the perspective of scientific development
China's stone industry has developed rapidly. Since 2000, the annual output of stone has ranked first in the world. It has ranked first in the world in terms of stone reserves, stone production and processing capacity, total export volume and total amount. Regrettably, the total amount of stone exports that created the world's number one is only three times that of Italy's stone exports, resulting in a serious waste of stone resources, indicating the low level of secondary stone processing technology in China. Compared with traditional stone powers, there is a clear gap. Obviously, the efficient use of stone resources, the improvement of stone crafts, the prevention and control of stone processing pollution and the restoration of mining vegetation on the people-oriented strategy of governing the country, enhance the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and leave a space for sustainable development for future generations. Significance.