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The main factor in the weldability of steel is the chemical composition. Among the various elements, the influence of carbon is most obvious, and the influence of other elements can be converted into carbon. Therefore, the carbon equivalent method can be used to estimate the weldability of the steel to be welded. Sulfur and phosphorus have a great influence on the welding performance of steel. In all kinds of qualified steels, sulfur and phosphorus are strictly limited.
The steel has good plasticity, the hardening tendency is not obvious, and the weldability is good.
The plasticity of the steel decreases, the tendency of hardening is obvious, and the weldability is poor.
The steel has low plasticity, strong hardening tendency and poor weldability.
The weldability of commonly used steel is generally low carbon and low alloy steel, medium carbon and medium alloy steel are poor, high carbon and high alloy steel are the worst.
Cast iron has high carbon content, uneven organization, low plasticity, and is a poorly weldable metal material. Therefore, welded members of cast iron should not be considered. The welding of cast iron is mainly welding repair work. When the cast iron is repaired, the fusion zone is prone to white-mouth structure, which is prone to cracks and easy to produce pores.
The process of preheating the cast iron workpiece whole or partially to 600-700 °C before welding, and slowly cooling after welding is called hot welding.
Before the welding repair, the welding method of the workpiece not preheating or only performing the low temperature preheating below 400 °C is called cold welding. Cold welding is generally done by manual arc welding.
The steel core cast iron welding wire is low carbon steel, and the other is that the strong oxidizing component of the coating can burn a large amount of silicon and carbon in the molten pool to obtain a low-carbon steel weld with good plasticity. The other is to add a large amount of ferrovanadium to the coating, which can make the weld metal into high vanadium steel, so it has good crack resistance and workability, and can be used for repair welding of high strength cast iron and ductile iron.
The nickel-based cast iron welding wire is pure nickel or nickel-copper alloy. After welding, the weld is a plastic nickel-based alloy.
Copper-based cast iron welding rods are made of copper wire as a core or a copper cored iron core, and a low-hydrogen type coating is applied.
Non-ferrous metals have poor solderability and are generally welded by argon arc welding.
Dissimilar metal weldability is also poor, and the problem of fusion and base metal dilution is solved by adding a transition layer metal and a weld overlay.
Solderability of metal materials
The weldability of metal materials refers to the difficulty of obtaining high-quality welded joints under the conditions of certain welding methods, welding materials, process parameters and structural types.