Japan's Fire Protection Culture and Enlightenment (2) Construction of Material Culture in Japan's Fire Protection Culture

Chapter II Construction of Material Culture in Japan's Fire Protection Culture

Section 1 Early Fire-fighting Equipment

The Japanese fire in the Edo period was carried out by destroying the buildings around the fire to prevent the spread of fire. It was also called the destruction of fire. At that time, there were seven kinds of tools used in fire fighting, namely, winding ( flags for fire fighting ) , dragon spit water ( spraying facilities ) , large groups of fans, ladders, eaves ( fire fighting hooks, fire fighting tools with iron hooks at the front end of sticks ) . Thorn again ( steel fork ) , Xuan Zha barrels ( bucket with water ) . The firefighters climbed the ladder and ordered that the fire be stopped in the position where he stood. Waving the flag was used to boost morale. Usually the first climbers called them heroes, but they also just climbed and fell to lose their lives. people. Dragon spit water is a device used to spray water, which is equivalent to a water pump, and the water it uses is shipped in the Hyundai bucket. Mouthwash and thorns are props that destroy buildings. The large fan fan fire powder off. At the time, the firefighters drenched the body before arriving at the scene. After long celebration six years (1601) fire, Shogunate ordered all the thatched roof wooden roof replaced. Tile roofs then became popular, but tile roofs were also banned after the Mingli fire. The reason is that tiles fall easily in the event of fire and cause casualties. Kyoho seven years (1722) in the city of Edo shogunate ordered the use of the house warehouse structure of the soil, soil that is like a warehouse, like painting walls with earth, to fire.

In addition to the above mentioned fire-fighting tools and fire-fighting buildings of the Edo period in Japan, it is worth mentioning that the Fire House, which can be seen everywhere on the streets of Edo, has one and a half minutes on the Fire Tower, when the fire broke out. The distance to the fire was notified to people by half-tone sounding. The quicker the bells are, the closer the fire is.

Section 2 Modern Fire Fighting Equipment and Products

Japan has excellent fire-fighting equipment and a modern fire communication command system. Usually a fire brigade will be equipped with a fire rescue work vehicle and rescue equipment to cut off, destroy, measure and search for rescue trapped people. Fire-fighting vehicles are equipped with AVM ( Vehicle Dynamics Management System ) and GPS ( Global Positioning System ) positioning system, and are connected to the communication command center. All vehicle position and dynamic information can be displayed on the vehicle status display and electronic map of the command center. . In addition, the Tokyo Fire Department fire brigade is equipped with a number of special-purpose equipment such as unmanned sprinklers, long-distance large-scale water supply equipment, high-altitude spray trucks, and lighting power cars, as well as infrared detectors and sound detectors. And life detectors and other high-tech aids. , Japan's newly developed fire pump is not only of high power, small size, light weight, low fuel consumption, low noise, and exhaust emissions completely meet the requirements of environmental protection.

After entering modern times, with the enactment of the "Fire Protection Law" in Japan, schools, workshops, hospitals, department stores, hotels, underground shopping centers, restaurants, fire protection targets for composite use, and fire prevention objects prescribed by other laws and regulations must provide fire-fighting equipment and fire protection. Water supply and firefighting facilities required for firefighting and rescue. This includes fire extinguishers such as fire extinguishers and fire hydrants ; alarm equipment such as automatic fire alarm equipment and household automatic fire alarm equipment ; evacuation equipment such as slides, evacuation ladders and salvage bags ; fire-fighting tanks and other fire-fighting waters ; smoke-exhausting equipment , connecting sprinkler, and water supply Equipment and other necessary facilities for firefighting activities and special firefighting equipment. In addition, it is also stipulated that fireproof objects such as curtains, carpets, etc. that meet the fire performance standards must be used for these fireproof objects. These devices have made a leap forward over the fire tools of the Edo era. Regarding the fire prevention measures for buildings, according to the "Building Standards Act" in Japan, hospitals, residential buildings, schools, and social welfare agencies must have large-scale fire protection structures, that is, they must be constructed using fire-proof materials prescribed by law. And in these fire-fighting buildings equipped with automatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler systems, special evacuation stairs and notification, fire-fighting and other related fire facilities. In addition, select appropriate shelters at all levels to avoid vertical fire spread and smoke diffusion. From this, it can be seen that the fire prevention measures in the interior of the building have improved much more than the development in the Edo period.

According to Article 8 of the “Fire Protection Law” of Japan, curtains, carpets, display boards, curtains, and other items used in public places such as high-rise buildings, underground shopping centers, hotels, hospitals, welfare houses, playgrounds, and department stores must have Statutory standard above fire performance. Fire-retardant fire-fighting articles shall bear signs indicating fire-resistance. Fire signs are issued by the Fire Protection Association and have uniform specifications. They are 60 centimeters long , 25 centimeters wide , and red on a white background. The word "anti-inflammatory" is used. 'There is a strict procedure for the identification of fire protection products. Manufacturers and distributors of fire protection products, and manufacturers of plywood, etc. must obtain the authorization of the fire department chief and go through the certification procedures. The authorization process is as follows :

1 The applicant submits a preliminary examination application to the Fire Protection Association ;

2 After the preliminary examination application is passed, the applicant submits an application to the firefighting headquarters of the local municipality. After the firefighting headquarters confirms the investigation, it submits it to the fire chief through the prefectures and counties ;

3 After receiving the application, the director of the fire department shall, based on the certification criteria, review whether he is qualified and make a decision.

In addition to these fire fighting appliances and articles described above, fire prevention products have penetrated into the lives of Japanese people. For example, the use of bed covers, quilts, curtains, clothes, cushions, pillows, and rescue bags for home use are all based on the fire performance standards set by the Committee for the Identification of Fire Protection Products, and have a fire retardant function. The following describes the manufacturing methods of these fireproof products. There are three types :

1 Fireproofing of fiber products ;

2 Fireproofing plywood ;

3 Fireproofing of flammable substances.

The fireproofing of textile products includes the fireproofing of the textile material itself. It is mainly used in the manufacture of propylene-based, flame-retardant propylene, fire-retardant, etc. chemical fibers, fireproofing during the reaction stage of raw material polymer synthesis, or Fire-retardant chemicals are added to macromolecules, and fire-retardant chemicals are also added to textile products. These methods are mainly used to fireproof the fabrics made of cotton, rayon and polycool, and they are used to fireproof the fabrics. Immersed in a fire-fighting agent in the form of an aqueous solution, followed by drying or heat treatment, or pouring a fire-retardant agent on the fiber product to make it chemically reactive, or coating a synthetic resin dispersed with a fire-retardant agent on the fiber surface or Wrap it up. The fireproofing of plywood includes atmospheric impregnation ( impregnation of the plywood in a fire- retardant agent followed by drying ) , vacuum impregnation ( decompression of the container containing the plywood, and pouring of the fire-retardant agent into the container so that the interior of the plywood impregnated with medicament, and finally drying process), fire protection agent was added in the adhesive method (used in plywood adhesive forming agent added to the fire), the surface material attached thereto method fire performance (fire resistance will The cool tissue paper is attached to the plywood surface ) . The fireproofing of flammable substances includes flammable substances covered with non-combustible substances ( fire-retardants that foam, expand, and gasify when exposed to heat, fire-breaking layers or non-combustible substances to prevent fire ) , and dilution with non-flammable gases. Method ( uses fireproofing agent that produces non-flammable gas during thermal decomposition, uses incombustible gas to dilute flammable gas to suppress combustion, and has a fireproof effect ) , thermal insulation method ( used to absorb a lot of heat during thermal decomposition) fire agents, fire generating agent noncombustible gas during thermal decomposition or thermal decomposition endotherm effect of suppressing this, a gas layer is formed on one surface thereof, to suppress the thermal Communication), changing the chemical reaction of combustion from dehydration and carbonization The reaction (the formation of water and carbonic acid when combustibles are burned, but the addition of fireproofing agents changes the chemical composition of the acid produced by combustion. Since the water produced by thermal decomposition reacts with the acid of flammable substances to form water, carbon does not Instead of producing flammable gas, it is converted into non-flammable carbon ( black lead ) , which inhibits the combustion of the flammable material itself and achieves a fireproof effect ) .

Japan continues to develop and improve fire-retardant flame-retardant products, and Japan has also established stricter standards for fire-retardant and flame-retardant products. All these make the entire Japanese society in a fire-retardant and flame-retardant environment.

Section 3 Building Fire Protection Facilities and Fire Fighting Water

Japan attaches great importance to the research and application of building fire protection technology, and has made great efforts in the quality and details of building fire protection facilities. Japan's buildings require high safety evacuation. Most of them have high-safety outdoor evacuation stairs, and balconies also have evacuation openings. Inside the large room, fireproof roller shutters installed in the room will be equipped with fire doors that open toward the evacuation direction. The fire doors are normally open doors, which are convenient for normal access, and ensure that they can be linked and closed in case of fire. In addition, the fire safety design of Japanese buildings is very practical. There is a red triangle on the outer wall indicating that the window can be opened from the outside. In the event of a fire, the firefighters can quickly find the red triangles to save the fire. Improve rescue efficiency. In the building's stairwells and fire doors, there is a small mouth near the ground, allowing the fire hose to pass through the middle to ensure a smooth fire extinguishing.

In addition, the sign of the firefighting facilities in the building is also very obvious. It is also equipped with graphic explanations to facilitate public awareness and conscious maintenance of these facilities. In high-rise buildings, refuge shelters will be set up on all levels. The shelters are fire-resistant and can block fire and smoke, thereby avoiding the spread of vertical fires and the spread of smoke. In the shelters, water and other evacuation tools will be prepared in advance. “

In addition to laying fire-fighting water pipe networks and installing fire hydrants, Japan also built fire-fighting water storage tanks in various units in major cities. The capacity of the storage tank is generally about 100 to 100 tons. It is made of welded steel plates. It is located at the bottom of the building or buried underground in parks, squares, playgrounds or street parks. The water stored in the tap is connected to the tap water pipeline. The technical treatment makes it a live water that can be stored and used for drinking. In the event of an earthquake, the water plant will be destroyed and water will be stopped. The water in the reservoir can also be well preserved. It can be used for fire fighting as well as for life. Japan protects wells and rivers and lakes from the protection of fire water sources, and regards private wells, rivers and lakes in the city as precious fire-fighting water sources. For private wells, as long as the fire chief deems it necessary for fire protection, he must not arbitrarily landfill. For urban rivers and lakes, build a number of fire terminals on both sides of the river for fire trucks to stop drowning. As long as the fire chief thinks that the rivers and lakes are needed for firefighting, it is forbidden by the municipal authorities to replace them with ditches. The "Fire Protection Law" in Japan stipulates that the water supply facilities required by fire protection shall be proposed by the Fire Department. Fire water facilities are set up, maintained, and managed by cities, towns, and villages, but the pipeline is set up, maintained, and managed by the pipeline manager. The Director of Fire Services and the Director of Fire Services may use water tanks, wells, storage tanks and other sources of water for fire protection facilities, with the consent of the owner, to designate them as fire water source facilities and keep them in a state of regular use. The Fire Chief and the Fire Fighting Director may, in accordance with the regulations, set signs for the designated fire water source facilities. If it is desired to change or dismantle the fire water source facilities, they must report in advance to the chief fire commander and fire chief of the jurisdiction, and the change can be made only after permission. The Japan Fire Protection Law also stipulates that legal representatives of schools, hospitals, workshops, department stores, restaurants, underground streets, and other fire protection objects stipulated by government ordinances must set firefighting water and firefighting facilities in accordance with the technical standards stipulated by the decree. , And have the obligation to maintain and maintain the facility so that it is always in good condition. In the form of a law, Japan clearly puts forward the requirements for municipal fire-fighting water and internal fire-fighting water for the unit. In Japan, any corporate body or enterprise whose legal representative must improve internal water resources, otherwise it is an illegal act.

Section IV: Advanced Information and Communication Systems

In order to better conduct disaster prevention, disaster response, and post-disaster reconstruction, Japan has established an advanced emergency communication system. Including the establishment of meteorological disaster prevention information systems, regional weather observation information systems, road disaster information systems and other systems to quickly collect, process, analyze and convey information. In addition, there are central disaster prevention radio networks connected to state agencies, fire prevention and disaster prevention radio networks connected to national fire control agencies, disaster prevention agencies in local governments, or local residents. Administrative wireless network and other communication networks dedicated to disaster prevention. In the event of a disaster, the network is used to receive and transmit disaster information from all places for command and dispatch. Through the fire prevention and disaster prevention wireless network, the government can timely transmit disaster information to households ( including personal mobile phones ) , schools, hospitals, and enterprises.

Specifically, in order to ensure the effective communication and exchange of information during disaster prevention and emergency response, Japan has a complete set of its own disaster prevention communication equipment , including the municipal disaster prevention administrative wireless network, fire department, and other related disaster prevention agencies. Wireless network for disaster prevention, West Japan Telecom Telephone Co., Ltd., wireless network for disaster prevention, wireless network for disaster prevention mutual communication, non-use communication network, and other communication networks. The municipal disaster prevention administrative radio network is a disaster prevention administrative radio network linking the downtown area, various cities, related disaster prevention agencies, and disaster sites. It includes a reporting system, a regional disaster prevention radio network, and a mobile radio network. At the same time, the city's Disaster Prevention Wireless Network is also a communication network linked to evacuation sites. Fire-fighting and other related disaster prevention agencies use wireless communication equipment to communicate with and transmit information to the outside world. West Japan Telecommunication Telephone Co., Ltd.'s disaster countermeasures use a portable satellite communication system using a wireless network, a stand-alone satellite communication system, and a land-use portable wireless device for satellites to ensure isolation of the city without communication. The radio network for disaster prevention mutual communication is used by disaster prevention agencies to ensure that emergency disaster measures can be taken smoothly through mutual contact with local disaster areas. The very communication system is the area where the city and the related disaster prevention agency contact the telephone and the radio communication facilities at the time of the disaster by the means of the communication by the regulations of Article 52 of the Radio Law . Other communications networks include non-professional wireless, computer network communications, and taxi wireless. Non-professional wireless is based on a disaster-time assistance agreement signed by Japan's non-professional wireless alliance with the Gifu prefecture branch and the prefecture, and is used by non-professional wireless cooperative radio networks to collect and transmit information. Computer network communication is a city that provides disaster information and support information to the public through computer communications and networks. In cooperation with the Tokai Automotive Wireless Association, etc., taxi cabs are used to collect and transmit information. With the continuous development of science and technology, the methods for collecting and transmitting information have become increasingly diversified. If necessary, county-prepared helicopters and county police helicopters will be used to collect information. In addition, in order to collect information on the disaster site, the city can also collect information about the disaster site by establishing a liaison system with residents' associations and voluntary disaster prevention organizations, in addition to establishing staff to rush to the site. The information system in Japan is highly advanced. It is embodied in its collection of image information and communication systems. Each city has an image collection contact system composed of a camera surveillance camera.

It can be seen that Japan responded to disasters by adopting the latest technology to establish a complete set of emergency communication systems, and achieved the first-time transmission of disaster site information to related disaster prevention agencies and ordinary people, and to make the fastest possible time Emergency measures to minimize the damage caused by disasters such as fire.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.