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Natural stone and artificial stone
1. Natural stone Natural stone is mainly divided into two types: marble and granite. In general, all textures are called "marble"; spots are mainly called "granite." This is in a broad sense. In a narrow sense, marble refers to the stone produced in Dali, Yunnan. In fact, there are not many stones in all parts of the country. Both can also be distinguished from geological concepts. Granite is a igneous rock, also called acid crystal deep diagenetic rock. It is the most widely distributed type of rock in igneous rock. It is composed of feldspar, quartz and mica, and the rock is hard and dense. Its composition is mainly silica, accounting for about 65%-75%. The so-called igneous rock is the rock formed by the underground magma or volcanic eruption of molten lava. The content of silica in the igneous rock, the nature of the feldspar, and its content determine the properties of the stone. When the content of silica is more than 65%, it belongs to acidic rock. In this type of rock, when the basic minerals such as orthoclase, plagioclase, and quartz form a crystal, they are in a material structure and are called granite. Marble is the metamorphic rock formed by the original rock in the crust through the high temperature and high pressure in the earth's crust. The internal force of the earth's crust promotes the qualitative change of all kinds of original rocks, ie the structure, structure and mineral composition of the original rock are changed. The new rock formed through qualitative change is called metamorphic rock. Marble is mainly composed of calcite, limestone, serpentine and dolomite. Its main component is calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 50%. Because marble generally contains impurities, and calcium carbonate in the atmosphere by the role of carbon dioxide, carbides, water, but also easy to weathering and erosion, and make the surface lose luster quickly. The general nature of marble is relatively soft, which is relative to granite. Because the surface of natural stone has pores, it is relatively poor in stain resistance, and it is generally treated on the surface of a processing plant. In interior decoration, marble is suitable for use on TV stands, windowsills, and indoor floors. The threshold, cabinet countertops, and outdoor ground are suitable for granite. Which cabinet counter view is good is the use of dark granite. Nowadays, some of the natural stone that is sold on the market is processed by hand. These stones generally show their true appearance after being used for half a year to a year. It is obvious that the big greens on the market today are dyed and not the true primary colors. Another thing to note is the back grid. There are two situations where this happens: 1 The stone itself is relatively brittle and must be gridded, such as Spanish beige. 2 By cutting corners, the thickness of these stones was thinned and the strength was not enough, so the network was added. Generally, if the stone is darker in color, most of the reasons are. 2. Artificial stone Artificial stone is made of unsaturated polyester resin as binding agent, together with natural marble or inorganic powder such as calcite, silica sand, and glass powder, as well as suitable flame retardants, colors, etc. , porcelain casting, vibration compression, extrusion and other methods of forming and curing. Man-made stone is based on the actual use of natural stone, and it has made great progress in moisture-proof, acid-proof, high-temperature resistant and patchwork. Of course, man-made things naturally have artificial shortcomings. Man-made stones are naturally insufficient in nature, and textures are relatively false. Therefore, they are mostly used in places such as cabinets where practical requirements are high, and in some harsh environments such as kitchens, toilets, etc. Window-sills, floors, etc., emphasize decorative areas and are less used. Another factor that hinders the use of artificial stone is human factors. Because the manufacturing process of artificial stone is very different, performance and characteristics are not exactly the same, so the above mentioned advantages are not necessarily the performance of the artificial stone you have purchased. The artificial stone imported on the market at present is better in performance. For example, the imported marble allows sanding the scratches on the surface. The user will not be able to deal with it by himself. Many domestic artificial stones obviously cannot support this talent flow. The more polished, the worse. To buy artificial stone, it is best to take a sample plate for bad performance tests, such as pouring soy sauce or oil and carrying out caries testing. To sum up, what type of stone to buy is determined by the location, use, and individual economic capabilities.
Natural cultural stone and artificial culture stone
Culture stone used in home decoration originated abroad. Although China has long used a similar wall surface treatment. But it is generally used outdoors. In the early 1990s, the concept of cultural stone entered China, and the culture stone at that time was basically imported. The massive use of cultural stones was after 1999, when a large number of domestic and joint venture cultural stone manufacturers began to appear in the country. The market's competitive prices have dropped dramatically. Nowadays, a cheap culture stone can be purchased for around 100 yuan per square metre, and slightly better is around 300 yuan per square metre. What exactly is “cultural stone?†In simple words, cultural stone is a natural or man-made stone with a size of 400 mm×400 mm and a rough surface for indoor and outdoor use. “Specification size less than 400mm×400mm, rough surface†is Its main two features. Culture stone itself does not have a specific cultural connotation. However, cultural stone has a rough texture and natural form. It can be said that cultural stone is a reflection of people's return to nature and returning to their natural state of mind in interior decoration. This kind of mentality we also understand as a kind of living culture. 1. Natural culture stone Natural culture stone is a set of stone ore mined in nature. Among them, slate, sandstone, and quartz stone have been processed into a decorative building material. The natural culture stone material is hard, bright in color, rich in texture, and has different styles. It has the characteristics of pressure resistance, wear resistance, fire resistance, cold resistance, corrosion resistance, and low water absorption. 2. Artificial culture stone Artificial culture stone is made of calcium silica gel, gypsum and other materials. It imitates the appearance and texture of natural stone. It has the characteristics of light texture, rich colors, mildew, non-flammability, and easy installation. 3. Comparison of natural culture stone and artificial culture stone The most important advantage of natural culture stone is its durability, no fear of dirt, and it can be scrubbed for an unlimited number of times, but the decorative effect is limited by the original stone texture. In addition to square stones, other construction materials are difficult, especially when splicing. The advantage of man-made culture stone is that it can create colors by itself. Even if colors are not liked when they are bought back, they can be reprocessed with paints such as latex paint. In addition, artificial culture stone is mostly packed in boxes, in which different blocks have been assigned a good ratio and installation is convenient. However, artificial culture stone is afraid of being dirty and it is not easy to clean. Moreover, some culture stones are affected by the level of manufacturers and the number of molds, and the styles are limited or poor. 4. Installation of culture stone There are different ways to install culture stone. The natural culture stone can be directly applied to the wall surface. The wall surface is first roughened, then wetted with water and cemented with cement. In addition to natural stone, artificial culture stone can also be glued. First use 9 PCT or 12 PCT board to make a base, then paste directly with glass glue. 5. Precautions (1) Culture stone is not suitable for large-scale indoor use. Generally speaking, the wall surface area should not exceed one-third of the wall surface of the space in which it is located. Cultural stone wall surfaces should not appear many times in the living room. . (2) Culture stone is installed outdoors. Try not to use sandstone as it is easy to seep. Even if the surface is waterproofed, it is easy to rain and cause weathering of the waterproof layer. (3) The interior installation of cultural stone can use near-color or complementary colors, but it is not suitable to use strong and cool contrasting colors. In fact, cultural stones, like other decorative materials, must be applied according to their needs, and they should not be used to pursue the trend one-sidedly, nor should they be turned against the tide.
Hydropower and refrigeration and heating systems
(I) Water Supply Pipes The types of water supply and drainage pipes have been described in the previous section. The precautions for installation and use of pipes are described here. In the pipeline decoration, waterproofing is often more important than any topic. What issues need to pay attention to during installation and use of the pipeline?
(1) The installation of pipes must find a professional mechanic. No matter how luxurious and upscale your decoration, if you are not willing to spend money in this area, it is not worthwhile. Bursts or leaks in pipes often result in losses of tens, hundreds, or even thousands of times the price of the pipes themselves. (2) The boost test must be performed after installation. The pressurization test is generally performed at 1.5 times the water pressure, and there should be no water leakage during the test. (3) Test methods and procedures without pressurization: a. Close the main valve of the water pipe (ie the water pipe switch in front of the water meter). b. Open the faucet in the room for 20 minutes to ensure that no water is dripped and then close all taps. c. Turn off the water inlet switch of the water storage device such as the toilet tank and the washing machine. d. Open the water main valve. e. Open the main valve 20 minutes to see if the water meter is moving, including slow moving. If there is movement, it will be leaking; if it does not move, it will be fine. (4) In everyday use, if the following conditions are found, check the relevant piping as soon as possible: a. Moldy foam on the surface of the wall paint. b. Baseboard or wood floor black and fine bubbles on the surface. (b) Power lines Power lines are mainly used for artificial lighting and electrical appliances. They have to be re-layed during the recent renovation. The general standard is: (1) The main line uses 2.5mm square copper wire. (2) The air conditioning line should be 4mm squared, and each air conditioner should be routed separately. (3) Signal lines such as telephone lines and television lines cannot be paralleled with the wires. (4) Use protective plastic boxes for the wires, and use hoses (including PVC tubes) for the buried walls. The connectors must be straight or elbows. Where hoses cannot be used, metal hoses must be used for protection. (5) Buying wires, switches, etc. must buy good goods. The only mark is whether they meet the national standards. At the time of purchase, the dealer should indicate this. (III) Refrigeration and Heating 1. Refrigeration The main equipment for cooling at present is the air conditioner. Here we will talk about the relevant precautions. 1) The purchase of air conditioners. Try to use brand-name goods, as far as possible to buy a good reputation shopping malls, it is best to buy direct manufacturers to buy. Remember the warranty card and invoice. 2) The number of horses should be appropriate. The number of horses is related to the intensity of cooling. The number of air-conditioned horses in the living room has to be larger, so as to leave room for space. There is 0.8-1 bedroom in the bedroom and the living room is better than 1.5. 3) Simple program. 1 Demarcate the mounting position mark. 2 Make a variety of holes on the wall or floor. Holes through the wall, use cement to seal the gap. 3 Install the bracket or hanger. 4 sample position. 5 Follow the instructions for installation. 2. Different from heating and cooling, there are various methods of heating, including heating of air conditioners, heating of pipelines, and floor heating. 1) Heating of air conditioners. This type of heating is mainly used in areas where winter is not too low. The main advantage of An is that the heating rate is fast and it can also be used for both hot and cold. Similar devices include heaters, radiant heaters, etc. This type of heating is aimed at a specific home and it is generally difficult to take into account the heating of the entire home. 2) Pipe heating. Pipeline heating is achieved by the municipal heating plant through the coal-fired boiler and then through a centralized pipeline to the indoor heat sink for heating purposes. Due to the serious pollution of coal burning, the cleaner method is to use natural gas, but this relatively increases the cost. This kind of heating also has an undesirable consequence. The vertical and horizontal pipe sections will affect the interior appearance, and at the same time reduce the actual indoor use area by about 3%. 3) Household wall-mounted heating stove. This method is to create a heating stove for each household and heat it by means of a wall-mounted radiator. Its main fuel is natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. 4) Floor heating. This approach is similar to heating stoves, except that it transports thermal energy through pipes laid under the floor instead of through radiators. Compared with other heating, it also has the requirements of penetrating the floor decoration materials. Some decorative materials with good insulation properties are not suitable for such indoor flooring. 5) Electric heating. Electric heating is more environmentally friendly and detachable. Its biggest drawback is that it is very demanding and its use cost is quite high. Beijing and other big cities are experimenting with this type of heating.
Under certain circumstances, the right to decide on the heating method is in the hands of the developer of the house, but we can believe that environmental protection, energy saving, and low-cost heating will continue to emerge.
Woodworking process
In the renovation project, woodworking projects often belong to a major item. From the renovation point of view, basically carpentry represents the decoration. Many owners will regard the level of carpentry as the basic level of a decoration company. Therefore, most of the decoration companies will not regard carpentry as the top priority. After a brutal market battle, latex paint fell from more than 40 yuan on the first square meter to more than 20 yuan, and the price of mud from 40 yuan per square meter fell to the point where some people even got a slushy gift. In the end, it was carpentry that made the company profitable. Because of this, carpenter quotes have been in a relatively stable state. Carpenter's quotation is not comparable to other renovation projects due to factors such as materials and design. Let's take a simple wardrobe as an example: Solution 1: Use a MDF structure with veneer inside and veneer outside. Solution II: Use big core board structure, internal brush varnish, external brush mixing oil. Solution 3: Use a large core board structure with a beryl board inside and an exterior veneer panel with varnish. Option 4: All solid wood structure, plus varnish or mixed oil (this item varies greatly depending on the type of solid wood). The above four methods are theoretically feasible, but the cost may be more than double, coupled with the design differences, the comparability is even lower. Here we focus on the process, not the material. The reason for making the above comparison is mainly to explain the difference between the process and the advanced collective. For details on wood-based panels, please refer to the relevant contents in the first section of this chapter. (A) of the main sheet metal process 1. MDF technology MDF can be divided into high-density board, MDF and low-density board. Most commonly used is the MDF. This process is most welcomed by furniture factories and professional companies (such as kitchen companies). This process depends on the suppression of the machine, and the possibility of on-site construction is almost zero. Therefore, decoration companies are rarely used. The MDF process relies mainly on component assembly. On the other hand, its finish is mainly applied instead of nailing. This paste is different from on-site production, it is mainly used to suppress the machine. Combinations of adhesive materials such as density boards and fire panels often produce very good results. The most important drawback of the MDF process is the large expansibility. After water, it is almost hopeless. Another disadvantage is the poor bending resistance, which cannot be used for high-stress projects. 2. Daxin board technology Daxin board is a relatively popular material at present, especially the decoration company. The core material of the large core board has a certain strength, and when the size is relatively small, the effect of using the large core board is better than that of other artificial boards. Of course, the construction technology of Daxinban is basically the same as that of modern carpentry. The construction is convenient, the speed is fast, and the cost is relatively low. Therefore, it is increasingly favored by decoration companies. The process of the large core board mainly uses nails. At the same time, it is also suitable for simple viscous pressure processes. The main drawback of Daxinban is its poor vertical bending resistance. When it is used as a bookcase and other projects, its large distance strength often cannot meet the requirements of the book's weight; the solution can only be the narrowing of the bookshelf. 3. Fine core board technology The core board is earlier than the big core board and is a more traditional material in modern woodworking. The fine core board has high strength and good bending resistance. In many renovation projects, it can be competent for the relevant role. In some structural parts that require load-bearing, the use of a fine core board will be more powerful. The 9mm board in the fine core board is more necessary for many projects. As with the large core board, the fine core board mainly adopts a nailing process and can also be simply bonded and pressed. The main drawback of the fine-core arc is that its own stability is worse than that of other sheets. This is caused by the difference in the material properties of the core material, which makes the deformation of the fine core plate possible to increase. Therefore, the fine core board is not suitable for single-sided parts such as cabinet doors. 4. The solid wood board process is a traditional practice. Due to the large number of types of wood, the effect is very different, but it is similar in terms of process. Solid wood panels have the advantages of good bending resistance, high strength, durability, and good decorative effect. Solid wood practices use traditional techniques and rarely use nails or glues. The skill requirements of carpentry workers are high, and carpenters who have not been formally trained are hard to do the job. In the production process, solid wood plates should be processed through cooking, insecticide and drying. The use of untreated wood has the potential to cause pests (mainly termites).
Woodworking Process Precautions
1. Treatment of nail holes The handling of nail holes is strictly speaking a category of painters. As the saying goes: “Three points of color and seven points of dress.†This expression is also typical in woodworking. Most of the renovations now use reworked plates. Shots are used during construction. How to deal with these nails has become a prominent issue. This requires a very rigorous attitude toward the color matching of the putty, as far as possible so that the color matching color is basically the same with the surface of the wood, thereby disguising these shortcomings. The same processing also applies to the processing of tree sections and tree shrews. 2. Selection of Plates The selection of excellent quality plates is the first factor in ensuring quality. Strict selection is required for the quality and suitability of the plates. First of all, we must make the right choice for the relevant part of the plate. For example, a fine core board may be used for the load-bearing material such as a bookshelf. Secondly, the quality of the relevant plates also needs to be controlled. For example, the quality of fine core plates varies widely. 3. Selection of Finishing Processes Different boards require different finishes. For example, wood veneers and veneers with beautiful textures can use varnish, and poorly-textured solid wood panels or plain plates without veneers require the use of mixed oils. Similarly, it is inferred that if varnish is used, then you should choose a solid wood panel or veneer with a better surface; if you use a mixture of oils, you only need to use a common plate. The use of veneer mixing with oil is a waste of money.
Door leaf
The door leaf is an essential item in all decoration projects. The special position of the door leaf makes it a symbol of decoration style. 1. Wind characteristics of the door leaf The style characteristics of the door leaf are mainly reflected in three aspects:
1) Design material characteristics. Door leaves are often required to be decorated with the same materials used in large quantities in the room. Therefore, we often see that in the practice of clear oil, if the interior is red, then the door is often red. If it is cherry, then the door is cherry. In the practice of mixing oil, the door leaf was mixed with oil and the color was consistent. Of course, the door leaf can also be designed in different styles, but it is very difficult to do this. 2) Design element features. The design of the door leaf tends to follow the design elements in the design style. For example, when a specific linear or curved design exists in the design, the door leaf is often required to have such characteristics. 3) style guide features. The door leaf will be designed following the overall design style, so to a certain extent, the door leaf will become the guiding target of the style. This is because there can be no other decoration items at home, but it cannot be without a door leaf. Therefore, the door leaf not only changes with the style, but also sometimes plays a leading role. 2. Type of door leaf 1) From the material. (1) Solid door. The solid door is mainly made up of the integral material or the complete material of small pieces. The width of the door leaf is generally 1900mm x 850mm. Since it is difficult to find such a large flash material, the current solid door is mainly composed of pieces. Solid doors have better sound insulation, but have less resistance to deformation. (2) Hollow door. Hollow doors are mainly made of plywood, supplemented by intermediate wood or plywood trims as the keel. Hollow doors have poor sound insulation, but they have strong resistance to deformation. Solving the problem of sound insulation performance can be solved by thickening the thickness of the two sides of the splint. Nowadays, urban doors often use fire doors, which are a kind of hollow doors, but fireproof cotton, fireproof foam and other materials are used in the splints. (3) Profile doors. Profile doors are mainly made of special materials such as aluminum alloy, stainless steel, PVC, and steel. These materials are often waterproof, etc., and are widely used in factories and bathrooms. Their disadvantage is poor aesthetic appearance, and sometimes conflicts with design styles. (4) Molded door. Molded doors are made by pressing hot presses of industrial materials. It is basically a hollow door. (5) Glass doors. The glass door is a kind of special kind of door leaf. First of all, its thickness is not enough to be a solid door, and it is not a special-shaped door. In fact, it is a special form of door leaf. The characteristics of glass doors are determined by the characteristics of the glass itself. For example, when transparent tempered glass is used, the door leaf has a transparent function, and when the frosted glass is used, it has a semi-transparent function. (6) Grid doors. Grid doors are made by round or square tube metal welding. The security door we usually see is the most important embodiment of this approach. 1) From the type points. (1) Swing the door. This is our most common left- or right-open door leaf, which is hinged on the hinge and opened manually or electrically. It is widely used in gates, bedrooms and other spaces. The swing door is a door leaf that opens in the Z-axis direction. (2) Sliding doors. Sliding doors are also a common type of door in homes. However, it will not be used in the same decoration project at the same time. Sliding doors are doors that are open in the X-axis direction. (3) folding door. Folding doors work the same as swing doors. The biggest difference is that its doors are foldable. Generally, the folding door occupies about one-third of the normal swing door. However, there are many gaps in folding doors and it is not suitable for places where strict privacy is required. (4) Freedom Gate. The free door is a special form of the swing door, which can be opened in both directions (inside and outside) of the Z axis, and can be automatically returned to the closed state after opening. Free door movement is accomplished through free door springs. (5) Others. There are shutter doors, spring doors, revolving doors, flip doors, gate doors, etc., which can be selected as needed. 3. Common Door Problems 1) Production of splint doors. The plywood door is mainly constructed on the structure. General oil practice is: first cut into 15mm plywood strips, and then put together into a grid as a keel, and then nailed on both sides of the 5mm board, and then affixed to the top layer of 3mm decorative panels. The perimeter of the door can be closed with a 1mm×5mm sealing line (also called the door side wood line). The 5mm and 3mm panels of the door leaf need to be glued and pressed with heavy objects. The glue used is preferably oily glue, such as all-purpose glue. 2) Production of stainless steel security doors. The production of stainless steel security doors is resistant to defects. An excellent method for resistance is to use a 1.0-1.2mm thick stainless steel plate as a frame, and then use 0.8-1.0mm stainless square steel to be welded at a 45-degree angle. The new practice now includes the addition of a piece of glass, both internally and externally, to solve the problem of grid cleaning inconvenience. 3) Toilet door leaf waterproof problem. To solve this problem, one is to use waterproof profiles, such as PVC or plastic steel; the other is the use of water-repellent wood or plywood. The disadvantage of the former is the lack of aesthetics; the disadvantages of the latter are complex processes and high costs. 4) Notes on solid doors. Solid door problems focus on two aspects: First, distortion, this problem is mainly offset by the reinforcement of mutual forces; second, cracking, to solve this problem can only be selected through the use of wood with better crack resistance.
window
The window is the main decorative item after the door leaf. The window is generally the content of the building's body. Here we mainly solve the problem of window covers. 1. Window Cover 1) The role of the window cover. Many friends will ask what is the use of window covers? The role of window covers is mainly threefold:
(1) The main function of the window cover is to protect the edge of the window. Because long-term use is easy to make the window edge appear damaged, and the window cover made of wood, can play a good anti-collision protection. (2) The design of the window cover has, to a certain extent, the effect of echoing with the door cover and the baseboard, because they share the role of closing edge for the entire space. (3) Window covers are the form of windowsill. When we spread a piece of marble or the like on the window sill, we often feel monotonous and abrupt; when we add the window cover, the feeling will be more complete. 2) Style features of window covers. The window cover and the door cover are echoes. Generally, if the door does not have a door cover, then the window does not need a window cover. On the other hand, if there are door covers and no window covers, there is a sense of not being completed. In most cases, the style of the window cover is required to be consistent with the door sleeve. 2. Style of window cover 1) Semicircle style. This style may be the most common, but it will gradually be eliminated. Its approach is: first use the flat bottom, then paste the decorative panel, and then use two semi-circular lines to close the edge. 2) Single line style. This style is currently used most commonly. First use the plywood to cover the bottom, then use the panel on the side and use the decorative lines to lock the edges. These lines are made by the factory into a uniform decorative pattern or shape, and construction is very convenient. 3) Double line style. This style is a kind of balance of future practice. It is the same as the single line method except that the seam is stitched using two lines. This approach can make up for the monotony of monotony caused by the monotony, the diversity of styles. However, this practice is generally only applicable to clean oil practices; the use of mixed oil, in the crack prevention construction difficult. 3. The style of the windowsill The style of the window sill is mainly categorized from the material. Common materials include marble, granite, artificial stone, decorative panels and decorative wood lines. Here to talk about the pros and cons of these materials. 1) Marble. If the selected color texture is ideal, then marble should be the first choice for window sill. The marble has the advantages of beautiful colors, various textures, and countertops that can prevent splashes of rain. 2) Granite. Granite texture is basically dominated by granules, and there are a variety of colors. Its color and texture are inferior to marble, but it is harder and more durable than marble. 3) Artificial stone. The texture of artificial stone does not have many features, but the color has more options than the natural stone mentioned above. There are, but not many, artificial stones to be used on the windowsill. 4) Decorative panels. Decorative panels are used as windowsills. One show follows the practice of window coverings, except that the surface layer is no longer paved with other materials but directly uses decorative panels. This approach is generally applicable to narrow ledges, and the bay windows are less suitable. 5) Decorative wood line. The effect of decorating the wood line is somewhat similar to the park's long bench. This design is generally suitable for bay windows, and it is not too cold in winter and not too hot in summer. The main thing is that it is more innovative and new. 4. Window opening type According to the opening method, windows can be divided into the following two types: 1) Casement windows. Casement windows are generally open outwards and are also divided into single and double fans. 2) Sliding window. The windows are opened along the track to the left and right, and generally two windows are required to form a sliding window.
Paint process
Paint is also a very common item in the decoration. There are even "three points of carpentry seven points paint" in the industry. The commonly used paint process steps are described below for your reference. (a) Wood lacquer 1. Varnish
(1) Coloring oil or coloring oil (Note: Only for projects that require color change, ordinary processes do not require this process). (2) Brush the varnish protection primer (if there is no 1 process, this is the first process). If the original color is used for varnishing, then the surface must be cleaned after the material is purchased in the site and the primer should be immediately brushed for the first time. Primers are also generally topcoats. Note: The varnish finish must be applied before wall painting. (3) Clean up dust and dirt on the wood surface. (4) Use sandpaper to polish the surface of the board or wood. (5) brush the first time paint. (6) After drying out, use the formulated toner, cooked rubber powder, and fly-fly powder to adjust the putty to disguise the eyes, such as nails and tree shrews, so as to match the color. (7) After the drying process, the rough part of the toner is polished with fine sandpaper. This time is critical. (8) Brush paint again. (9) Dry thoroughly with fine sandpaper. (10) Brush paint again. That is, once the paint is applied, sandpaper is used to polish it, and so on. If there is a special primer, change the first pass to a special primer. (11) Wipe the surface of the woodware with a wet cloth, and then wet the surface with sandpaper, and then polish the surface, commonly known as watermill. (12) Brush the last time the paint. In general, counting the last lacquer, a total of 4-8 strokes will be required to achieve a superior quality. The more surface paints the better, but generally not more than 10 times. In the wet weather construction, the film will have a whitening phenomenon. Adding 10%-15% of the diluent to the nitromagnetized white water can be eliminated. 2. Contamination process (1) Clean up the dust and dirt on the surface of the wood. (2) Use pig blood and fly powder to mix well with the surface of the wood. (3) Dry with sandpaper. (4) brush the first time paint. (5) Make up for bad points. (6) Dry with sandpaper. (7) Brush the paint a second time. (8) Dry with sandpaper. (9) Brush the paint three times. In general, it is advisable to mix oil 2-3 times. (B) wall paint 1. Hand brushing paint process If the wall is an old wall, you need to wipe the surface after the wet water. After drying, paint over the varnish. If it is an old house and the matrix is ​​good, it can be sanded once or twice using coarse sandpaper and it does not need to be scraped. (1) Flatten the entire wall with 108 glue, cooked rubber powder and fly powder after mixing into a putty. (2) After polishing, polish with light sandpaper. The above steps are generally repeated three times until the wall is flat. (3) Brush topcoat (latex paint) again. (4) Dry thoroughly with fine sandpaper. (5) brush the second time finish. 2. Painting process If the wall is an old wall, wet surface water must be scraped first. After drying, paint over the varnish. If it is an old house and the matrix is ​​good, it can be sanded once or twice using coarse sandpaper and it does not need to be scraped. (1) Flatten the entire wall with 108 glue, cooked rubber powder and fly powder after mixing into a putty. (2) After polishing, polish with sandpaper. The above steps are generally repeated three times until the wall is flat. (3) First pass finish (latex paint). (4) Dry thoroughly with fine sandpaper. (5) spray the second time finish. (3) Precautions (1) The paint must be applied within the room temperature required by the product. Different products have different temperature requirements. This can be found in the product packaging or in the manual. (2) Each process ensures that the dry side performs the second pass. (3) Use the same kind of paint, do not mix different types of paint to avoid adverse reactions. (4) During construction, safety measures should be taken, such as wearing masks. (5) Maintain indoor ventilation to prevent poisoning. (6) Use gel gloves when using certain corrosive materials such as Tina Water. (7) Do not smoke or use open fire at the construction site to prevent fire or explosion. (8) Avoid forced construction under high humidity or cold conditions. (9) There is a gap in the ceiling or wood partitions that needs to be masked. It can be treated with putty, and then it can be attached with high-quality anti-crack tape. The cracks in the wall can be scraped and filled into the plaster to be processed, and then the high-quality protection can be applied. Cracked tape. Then paint the finish. (10) Adhere to shopping malls or experts to buy paint to prevent counterfeiting, although the price will be slightly higher, but at least the quality will be guaranteed.
Mobile furniture
(A) leather seats, sofas 1. Leather chairs, sofas based on their selection of different materials, the general common yellow leather, buffalo leather, pigskin, sheepskin and other several. At present, there are fake products on the market. How do we distinguish leather and fake leather?
(1) Look at the surface of the leather for pores. The skin pores of leather are fine and dense, irregularly arranged, and the cortex is smooth and clean; the pores of pigskin are in a product-shaped triangular arrangement and the cortex is loose. (2) Press with your fingers during examination. (3) Examine the cortical marginal section. As counterfeiting technology is getting better and better now, it is getting harder and harder to analyze from the front, and you can see some differences from the cross section of the cortex. The cortex of the dermis is loose, while the false skin is denser. (4) The dermis and false skin can also be distinguished by odor. The dermis has an odor of the animal, and the fake skin is relatively more irritating to the odor. In addition to the full leather sofa, there are some semi-leather sofas with fake leather on the back side, these are all consumers need to pay attention. 2. Maintenance of leather sofas (1) Do not use leather chemicals to clean the leather surface. Use diluted soap water or special leather cleaners as much as possible. These can be purchased in large supermarkets. (2) Use a soft cloth when rubbing, and use less force. (3) Do not place hard objects on the sofa during normal use, especially to prevent children from jumping on them. (4) Do not place it in direct sunlight for a long time so as not to damage the cortex. (5) Regularly apply aqueous wax to protect the cortex. (2) Cloth Sofa Cloth sofa is very popular on the market, especially in some urban families. 1. Three advantages of fabric sofa 1) Good look and feel. Fabric sofas can use different fabrics to make coats, with rich colors and patterns and large choices. 2) feel good. The fabric sofa feels soft and warm, and different fabrics have different touches. 3) Can be replaced. When the coat fades in time, you can buy a new cloth instead. Coat replacement can be used as a refurbishment of the sofa. You can also choose your own favorite fabric, according to different seasons throughout the year, choose a different color coat, full of personality. 2. How to maintain the fabric sofa (1) When purchasing, use a cushion that can be turned over. In use, flip regularly. (2) Fabric sofas can be sprayed once with fabric protection agent after purchase for protection. (3) Vacuuming regularly. Use special fabric cleaners when cleaning. (3) Solid Wood Furniture Solid wood furniture includes what we generally call mahogany furniture and some other European-style solid wood tables and chairs that are currently on the market. Redwood tables and chairs generally have corresponding unloading controls. Nowadays, the tables and chairs on the market are mostly Ming, Qing and Republican styles, and there are also great differences in style. The general lines of the Ming Dynasty were relatively simple and had a sense of power. In the Qing Dynasty, they were more sculpted and more complex in shape. Among them, animals, flowers, and auspicious totems were mostly present. The tables and chairs of the period of the Republic of China were relatively moderate and the shapes were between the two and biased towards the latter. Most wooden tables and chairs on the market are made of mahogany or rosewood, but from the actual situation, there are also many kinds of low-grade wood plus color palettes. At the time of purchase, asking for tickets and specifying the materials used by the tables and chairs is the most critical. The use of traditional solid wood furniture in decoration is generally based on the elderly. One is the use of traditional solid wood furniture in traditional decoration, and the other is the use of traditional furniture in modern decoration, reflecting a kind of treasured taste in daily use. European solid wood furniture is one of the newer styles that have emerged in recent years. It is generally lighter in color and simpler in shape, and is supplemented by soft pillows.ç”±äºŽå…¶ä»·æ ¼ä¾¿å®œï¼Œå› æ¤è¢«éžå¸¸å¤šçš„年轻人尤其是新婚夫妇选用。实木家ç§çš„ä¿å…»æ¯”较简å•ï¼Œä¸€èˆ¬ä½¿ç”¨æ™®é€šæ¸…æ´å‰‚甚至清水å³å¯ã€‚唯一è¦æ³¨æ„的是防白èšï¼Œè¿™ç§é—®é¢˜ä¸€èˆ¬å‘生在å—方。如果在晚上å¬åˆ°è½»è½»çš„锯木声或者家ç§ä¸‹æœ‰æœ¨è´¨ç²‰æœ«ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆå°±å¾ˆæœ‰å¯èƒ½å—到白èšä¾µå®³äº†ã€‚对付白èšçš„办法是使用CCA(é“œé“¬ç ·åˆå‰‚)，但最好是请专业白èšé˜²æ²»æ‰€æ¥æ“办，以å…é€ æˆæ›´å¤§çš„å±å®³ã€‚选è´å“ªä¸€ç±»åž‹çš„移动家ç§ï¼Œè¦è§†è‡ªå·±çš„ç”Ÿæ´»ä¹ æƒ¯å’Œå®¶åºè£…ä¿®çš„é£Žæ ¼è¿›è¡Œï¼Œä¸ç„¶å¾ˆå®¹æ˜“出现ä¸ä¼¦ä¸ç±»çš„效果，花钱ä¸è®¨å¥½ã€‚
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，æ°æ°æ˜¯åŠŸèƒ½ä¸Žå½¢å¼çš„最典型冲çªã€‚笔者就æ¤è°ˆè°ˆä¸€äº›çœ‹æ³•ã€‚ 1.防盗网笔者认为防盗首先是一咱社会现象的åæ˜ ã€‚80年代末，国内治安开始æ¶åŒ–。在当时è¦åŠ›ä¸è¶³å’ŒçŽ°å®žæƒ…况下，防盗网是一个éžå¸¸æœ‰æ•ˆçš„自我ä¿æŠ¤æ–¹æ³•ã€‚ 1)防盗网的好处和å处。防盗网有3ä¸ªå¥½å¤„ï¼šâ‘ åŠ å¼ºé˜²ç›—ä¿æŠ¤ï¼›â‘¡å¢žåŠ 室内实用é¢ç§¯ï¼›â‘¢é˜²æ¢å°å©åœ¨çª—å£çŽ©è€æ—¶ä¸å°å¿ƒæ‘”下。 防盗网也有3个å处：①å‘生ç«ç¾æ—¶ï¼Œå‡å°‘逃生的机会；②有ç¢è§‚瞻，影å“建ç‘外观；③防盗网æˆä¸ºç›—è´¼éžå¸¸æœ‰åˆ©çš„攀爬物，å±å®³æ²¡æœ‰è£…防盗网的居室的安全。 2)防盗网设计和使用ä¸çš„注æ„事项。 (1)防盗网的设计，尽é‡é‡‡ç”¨ç»Ÿä¸€çš„款å¼ï¼Œä¿æŒå»ºç‘的统一外观，这是利己利人的åšæ³•ã€‚ (2)防盗网的安装一定è¦ä½¿ç”¨è†¨èƒ€èžºä¸ï¼Œå¹¶å¤šç‚¹å›ºå®šã€‚ (3)ä¸è¦åœ¨é˜²ç›—网上放置é‡ç‰©ã€‚ (4)防盗网的设计，尽é‡ä½¿ç”¨ä¸é”ˆé’¢æ质，以å…锈迹斑斑，既ç¢è§‚çž»åˆä¸åˆ©äºŽä½¿ç”¨ã€‚ (5)防盗网的设计，应预留足够大的逃生门。有人也许会说窗户底下没有楼梯è¦é€ƒç”Ÿé—¨åšä»€ä¹ˆï¼Ÿæ”¾å¿ƒï¼Œæ¶ˆé˜²å‘˜æœ‰äº‘梯。 (6)逃生门的é”具应定时(åŠæœˆ)å¼€å¯ä¸€æ¬¡ï¼Œä»¥ç¡®ä¿çŠ¶æ€è‰¯å¥½ï¼Œå¹¶å®šç†(æ¯æœˆ)上润滑油。 2.电å监控电å防盗分为两ç§ï¼šé›†ç¾¤ç”µå防盗和室内电å防盗。 1)集群电å防盗。也å«å°åŒºç›‘控，是通过å°åŒºåœ¨å„个角è½è®¾ç½®çš„é—路监控系统进行监视的。主è¦å½¢å¼æœ‰ä¸¤ç§ï¼š (1)é—路摄åƒæœºã€‚通过é—路摄åƒæœºæŠŠæœ‰å…³çš„图åƒä¼ é€åˆ°å°åŒºå€¼ç室进行监控。 (2)红外线探测仪。一些éžé€šè¡ŒåŒºåŸŸï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚围墙边设置红外线探测仪，使å°åŒºå€¼ç室能知é“在该区域出现情况。 2)室内电å防盗。也å«å®¤å†…监控，是通过安装在室内的探测系统进行监控的，å‘生情况时，会把报è¦ä¿¡å·ä¼ é€è‡³å°åŒºå€¼ç室，åŒæ—¶ï¼Œå®¤å†…也å¯è®¾ç½®é‡è¦è¦å·ã€‚ 3)探测头的基础知识。 (1)红外探测头。它是通过探测人体è¾å°„的特定波段的红外线实施å‘的。红外线å¯ä»¥é‡‡ç”¨ç›´çº¿æŽ¢æµ‹ï¼Œä¹Ÿå¯ä»¥å®žæ–½æ‰‡å½¢æŽ¢æµ‹ã€‚ (2)微波探测头。是通过室内物体移动实施触å‘的。 (3)åŒæŽ¢æµ‹å¤´ã€‚就是åŒæ—¶é‡‡ç”¨çº¢å¤–线与微波触å‘。这是一ç§ä¿é™©çš„åšæ³•ï¼Œå› 为红外线容易被干扰，而且通过一定手段å‡å°‘身体红外è¾å°„é‡ï¼Œè€Œå¾®æ³¢çš„误è¦çŽ‡é«˜ã€‚两者结åˆï¼Œæœ‰åˆ©äºŽæ高探测的准确度。 3.防盗网与电å监控的比较(1)防盗网是一ç§å¤šç”¨é€”的防盗形å¼ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”具有一定的明示阻å“作用，这ç§é˜»ç¢æ˜¯ä¸€èˆ¬ç›—贼所ä¸èƒ½ä¸ä¼°é‡çš„。 (2)电å监控是一ç§è¾ƒä¸ºçº¯ç²¹çš„防盗形å¼ï¼Œé™¤éžæ˜¯äº‹å…ˆç›—贼已ç»çŸ¥é“，å¦åˆ™å¯èƒ½èµ·ä¸äº†é˜»å“作用。相å，如果盗贼已ç»ä¾µå…¥å®¤å†…，当报è¦ç³»ç»Ÿå‘¼å«æ—¶ï¼Œå¯èƒ½ä¼šé‡‡ç”¨å¯¹å±…ä½äººå‘˜ä¸åˆ©çš„行动，而ä¸æ˜¯é€ƒä¹‹å¤å¤ã€‚ (3)é˜²ç›—ç½‘çš„ä»·æ ¼ç›¸å¯¹ä¾¿å®œï¼Œè€Œç”µå监控è¦åšåˆ°é˜²ç›—ç½‘é‚£æ ·çš„å…¨å±‚é˜²èŒƒï¼Œä»·æ ¼å¯èƒ½ä¼šé«˜å‡ºæ•°å€ç”šè‡³åå‡ å€ã€‚ (4)防盗网å¯ä»¥æ‰¿æ‹…独立的防御功能，当å‘çŽ°ç›—è´¼é‡‡ç”¨æš´åŠ›ç ´å时，应有足够的时间报è¦æ±‚助。 (5)电å监控ä¸èƒ½ç‹¬ç«‹åŠ¨ä½œï¼Œå®ƒéœ€è¦æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªè¾ƒä¸ºç³»ç»Ÿçš„防御体系，例如完整的å°åŒºéš”æ–措施和å°åŒºä¿å®‰ã€‚ 总而言之，笔者认为，å³ä½¿é‡‡ç”¨ç”µå监控，也应该在窗户ã€é˜³å°ç‰éƒ¨ä½å†…部采用一定的硬措施，例如钢窗花。家居防盗ä¸é€‚宜采用完全的软措施。在这一点上é¢ï¼Œç¬”者还是认为应“功能第一，形å¼ç¬¬äºŒâ€ã€‚
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Xi'an decoration classroom Chen Gong decoration basic knowledge
Xi'an decoration classroom Chen Gong decoration basic knowledge